What consequence can arise from excessive irrigation?

Excessive irrigation can lead to soil salinization, which occurs when the water applied to the land carries with it dissolved salts that accumulate in the soil over time. When water evaporates from the soil surface, it leaves behind these salts, increasing their concentration in the topsoil. This can create an inhospitable environment for plant growth as high salt concentrations can interfere with a plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients, potentially leading to reduced crop yields and poor plant health.

In contrast, improved soil nutrient retention, enhanced crop resilience, and reduced water use efficiency do not typically result directly from excessive irrigation. Improved soil nutrient retention usually occurs with appropriate moisture levels and organic matter inputs. Enhanced crop resilience is generally achieved through proper management practices and a well-balanced environment. Reduced water use efficiency would be an indicator of problems caused by irrigation mismanagement, rather than a direct consequence of excessive irrigation itself.