How can cover crops improve soil fertility?

Cover crops enhance soil fertility primarily by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Certain cover crops, particularly legumes like clover, vetch, and peas, have a symbiotic relationship with specific soil bacteria. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use, effectively enriching the soil with this vital nutrient. As these cover crops grow, they absorb nitrogen and, when they decompose, release it back into the soil, thus improving its fertility for subsequent crops.

Increasing weed competition, using up nutrients, and causing nutrient runoff do not contribute positively to soil fertility. In fact, they can lead to reduced soil health or diminished nutrient availability. Properly selected cover crops, especially legumes, are a strategic method for enhancing soil quality and agricultural productivity. By adding organic matter, preventing erosion, and improving nutrient cycling, cover crops play a crucial role in sustainable agricultural practices.